Relational Model Defined By Codds Twelve Rules Computer Science Essay

Relational Model Defined By Codds Twelve Rules Computer Science Essay This report tries to explain what Codds Twelve Rules means. And by comparing MySQL with relational model as defined by Codds Twelve Rules, this report also gives an abstract view on how MySQL comply with Codds Twelve Rules. This report is based on MySQL 5 InnoDB engine. Edgar F.Codd is famous for his contribution to relational model of database in 1970s. However, in 1980s the term relational was used by many database vendors to describe their database products which may not comply with the model that Edgar F.Codd has proposed. In order to clarify his model of relational database, and provide people a simple standard that can indicate to what extent a database software conforms to his model, the Codds Twelve Rules were propose. There are 13 rules in Codds Twelve Rules. Our textbook omits the first one,rule 0, so this report will start from the second one in Codds rules, rule 1. Rule 1: The Information Rule This rule requires all data in relational database management system(RDBMS) should be stored as values in tables at logical level. Some DBMS use Key-Value to store data, Redis for example, which contradict the Information Rule, so these DBMS will not be regarded as relational DBMS. MySQL dose store all data in the form of tables with values in columns of rows. Users can only access to values that are stored in tables. Even the data descript the database itself is store in tables, i.e. table tables in Information schema stores the description of all the tables that have been created. So, MySQL meets the requirement of rule 1. Rule 2: The Guaranteed Access Rule Users must be able to access to values by providing table name, the value of primary key and the name of the columns. In another word, the DBMS should support primary key in tables and enforce each tables contains primary key in order to prevent data duplication. MySQL does support to define primary key in tables. Yet, users can also create tables that dont have it. For example, create one table has columns a and b without primary key. In that circumstance, there may be several rows that has the same value in column a , preventing users to access to the value of column b in the row he want. So, MySQL does not fulfill the requirement of Rule2 and it gives user more flexibility by accepting tables without primary key. Rule 3: Systematic Treatment of NULL Values: The database must support NULL as a value other than 0 or empty string, as a representation of data missing or inapplicable. And the database can provide systematic way to manipulate NULL value. MySQL fulfill this requirement by supporting NULL value and treat it in a systematic way. In MySQL, NULL is supported and is regarded as missing data following ANSI/ODBC SQL standard. MySQL implements ternary logic. Users can not compare values with NULL, even NULL with NULL by using =, because NULL is missing data. The results of those compares are unknown. MySQL provides IS NULL and IS NOT NULL statement in order to treat the compares with value NULL. Rule 4: Active online catalog based on the relational model Data dictionary of one DBMS should be stored as ordinary data in the form of tables. Authorized users must be able to using the query language (SQL for example) that they used to query ordinary data to access to database catalog or structure. MySQL stores database catalog data using tables the same way it store ordinary data. These tables are in system database such as Information_schema. For example, table tables in Information_schema contains information about all tables in MySQL, like TABLE_NAME, TABLE_TYPE. Authorized users can use SQL to query this table in order to access to data catalog of current tables. So, MySQL well implements this Rule. Rule 5: Comprehensive data language The DBMS must support at least one language that can be used directly by users or within application queries. This language must also supports all aspects of database use including data (view) definition, data manipulations, integrity constraints, securities and transaction managements. SQL is a language that is comprehensive enough to support all these requirements. So, any DBMS that implements ANSI/ODBC SQL will comply with this rule. MySQL follows the ANSI/ODBC SQL standard, yet there are several differences between them in several cases. The difference can be seen in documents of MySQL. All these differences are just about statement syntax, i.e MySQL doesnt support select à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ into table, users should using Insert into à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ select to do the same works. But after all, all database use in MySQL can be implemented by using SQL regardless of whether the syntax is different from standard SQL. So, MySQL fulfills Rule 5. Rule 6: View Updating This rule means that the alteration that user makes in a view will result in the alteration of tables from which the view is created, if this view is theoretically updatable. In MySQL, many theoretically updatable views can be updated, yet, there are many limits. For example, due to the documentation of MySQL, delete and update cannot be used to update a view that has more than one underlying table. So, MySQL does not fulfill this rule. Rule 7: The RDBMS may handle individual records but it must primarily handle sets of records This rule means users can use one single command to query, insert, delete and update sets of values in multiple rows or multiple tables. MySQL can handle operation of multiple rows in one table. Because it uses SQL, that has commands that can handle operation of sets of records, as its data language. For example, MySQL can insert multiple records with this statement, INSERT INTO table_name (a,b,c) VALUES (3,4,5), (6,7,8)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. But MySQL cannot handle operation of sets of records that are from different tables in one command. But users can also handle this issue by using transaction that containing a series of SQL commands. So, MySQL implements this rule by allowing user to operate command on multiple rows in one table, while does not support operation of multiple tables in single command. Rule 8: Physical Data Independence This rule means that alterations that have been made to database in physical level, for example, export one database, and open it in another computer will not result in the changes in logical level. And users can still access to the data without altering their commands. MySQL can export one database by creating back up file. This file can be restore by MySQL in another computer. The physical underlying of this database has changed while the table structure will not be changed and users can access to this restored one without any adjustment on their queries. So, MySQL does provide some extent of physical data independence in InnoDB engine. However, if users want to change the store engine of a table from transactional one to non-transactional, the logical level will also change. In sum, MySQL provide physical data independence in InnoDB engine, but changing the store engine may result in change in database logic. Rule 9: Logical Data Independence This rule means that the changes of logical level in the database will not lead to changes of queries that based on former structure. For example, users can split one table into two, while use the same query as before. In MySQL, adding columns to a table will not require changes in application or queries that are base on the structure of this table. However, other changes of logical level, such as combine two tables into one, may call for an alteration of the application based on the structure. So, MySQL does not comply with this Logical Data Independence rule. Rule 10: Integrity Independence This means that integrity definition of data in one DBMS should be regarded as one part of data dictionary, and be stored in the same form as ordinary data. This also requires that this integrity definition can be access by users using language, SQL for example, to query, define or alter the integrity independence. MySQL fulfills this rule. It stores data dictionary in tables in information schema. For example, the column COLUMN_KEY in the table COLUMNS defines whether this column is primary key or has other constraints. And KEY_COLUMN_USAGE table defines which key columns have constrains. Users can access to integrity definition data by query these tables using ordinary SQL statement. Rule 11:Distribution Independence Today, many DBMS introduce the function to using distribute data in different locations. However, due to this rule, where this data be distributed and how DBMS manage them should not be visible to users. Users can use the data in the same way as they use data that been stored in one place. The InnoDB engine does not provide the ability to store data in different locations. MySQL has a distributed engine called MySQL Cluster. In InnoDB engine, MySQL introduce XA Transaction which is based on X/Open XA specification since 5.0.3. This specification provides users the ability to employ multiple resources in one transaction. However, users must know the underlying works, and if the structure of the distributed DBMS changes, the XA Transaction statement may also need to be adjusted. So, MySQL does not comply with the rule 11. Rule 12: The Nonsubversion Rule Sometime the DBMS provide API or other low-level interface for users to handle complicated transactions. However, those interfaces must not break all the rule above and bypassing integrity constraints and security. MySQL provides APIs for different applications or programming languages as low-level interface. There are back doors in them, custom command SHOW for example. However, these backdoors are only maintained for the compatibility with the former edition. Summary In Sum, due to the comparison between MySQl and Codds rules, MySQL implement most of these rules, though there are still some limitations. It can be regarded as a DBMS that is relational.

Native Americans Mascots Essay

Imagine yourself at a sporting event. You are enjoying the last bite of your foot-long hot dog, anticipating the moment the half time show will begin. Out comes the shoe-less, plaid-shirt wearing, ripped and dirty blue jean sporting mascot. His name is â€Å"Billy Bob– the wildest hillbilly in the boondocks. † He goes running around, chugging down his fake moonshine and spitting tobacco. Being a native of Appalachia, you find yourself upset, and state this to be extremely offending. However, your sister who is attending the game with you casually laughs it off, stating that it is just hilarious. The disagreement between siblings from the same background can be compared to the discontent many people face when concerning the use of Native American Mascots. We will be reviewing the varying opinions and beliefs on the matter of using Native American symbols at sporting events. There are many people who believe that it is very disrespectful towards Native Americans. Not only is it demeaning the values that they believe in, but it is also poking fun at their image in a very negative way. However, there are also the people who feel that using the names of Native Americans and their image is not only very honorable, but is a helpful reminder to people of the fight that they once went through. We are going to take a look at some of the different standpoints on the matter, some statistics, and even some cases that have resulted from this dispute. Honoring Native Americans is what many believe the mascots do. Those who support the use of these symbols and identities are convinced that they show their admirable characteristics and reflect them positively. In June of 2007, there was a law signed by Governor Phil Bredesen, for the state of Tennessee to be able to â€Å"continue to honor certain persons or cultures through the use of symbols, names and mascots† (Holliday. ) However, the bill stated that it would be void in the circumstance that these Native American symbols were being portrayed as demeaning or in an obscene way. If the school is actually recognizing the positive qualities of the Native Americans, then the use of their symbols as mascots should not be an issue. Of course, there are those who are easily offended and oppose this idea. On this side of the debate, there are other issues that come into view. For the schools that are not using Native American mascots appropriately, they would be required to not only have their traditional name change, but require new uniforms and gear. This could result in the fans holding prejudiced opinions towards the Native Americans, which in return could be more harmful than before. Many cannot see why using Native Americans and their images as mascots or logos could be considered negative or even disrespectful. What they do not understand is the potential stereotyping that is associated with these images. Coming from a place such as Appalachia, I can concur with these stereotyping insecurities. A study published in Basic and Applied Social Psychology states, â€Å"If American Indian mascots are regarded as negative stereotypes then their psychological effects will also be negative. For example, activating negative stereotypes is associated with disengagement, lower self-esteem, and decreased aspirations for careers and leadership† (Stone. ) It goes on to speak of the potential for positive stereotypes, but that does not always guarantee a positive outcome. There is also a mention of how positive stereotypes can lead to negative consequences. An example of this is a woman who is considered warm and affectionate, and how she is in return believed to be weak, basically less competent. The offensive repercussions from these mascots have some people hoping and working towards a change. Arguers against the use of Native American mascots believe that teams could just as well play under a different team name. The offensive cartoons or taglines that are associated with a team’s merchandise could lead to the negative stereotypes of Indians as savages, which is said to be the starting line on the path to racism. In 2005, the NCAA took a stand for what they believed was right and what they thought the public wanted; they banned the images and nicknames of Native Americans in post season tournaments. They removed any nicknames and images that could be seen as â€Å"hostile† or â€Å"abusive. † Starting in February of 2006, mascots would not be allowed to perform at halftime shows, and their cheerleaders and band members would not be able to wear American Indians on their uniforms. One school in particular believed that this was wrong and very quickly complained and even threatened legal action. The president of Florida State, home of the Seminoles, T. K. Wetherell said in a statement, â€Å"I intend to pursue all legal avenues to ensure that this unacceptable decision is overturned, and that this university will forever be associated with the ‘unconquered’ spirit of the Seminole Tribe of Florida† (The Florida State University. ) While the NCAA officials admit they can’t force the schools to change their nicknames or logos, they are making a statement they believe is long overdue. In some states, such as New York and Maryland, there have been similar courses of action taken in order to resolve this debate. The Commissioner of Education of New York, required schools to discuss the issue with the directive that â€Å"the use of Native American symbols or depictions as mascots can become a barrier to building a safe and nurturing school. † The Maryland Department of Education decided that the schools in Maryland must deliberate the issue. In result, approximately half of its schools decided to change their logos. Some were left undecided, leaving less than half with their original names. Just like the debate on whether this use is morally right or wrong, the decision seems to be split. Other state boards of education have considered similar actions. Minnesota and North Carolina are just a few. In Kansas and Michigan, there are recommendations to completely discontinue these names, and seek some more appropriate ones. In the past three decades, most colleges that held mascots or names that were Native American have rid them from their halls (Taylor.) In the Chronicle of Higher Education, it states â€Å"Today about 58 colleges nationwide have Native American mascots, and besides Illinois, only four compete at the high-profile Division I-A level: Arkansas State University, Florida State University, the University of North Dakota, and San Diego State University† (Selingo. ) The statistics have some questioning the time and effort that many have spent on the issue. Biology professor, Stephen J. Kaufman at Illinois stated, â€Å"The amount of time and effort all sides have spent on this issue is absurd. The Revolutionary War took 7 years, the Civil War 4 years, and here we are in our 15th year. † The fifteen year debate he is speaking of is that of the decision whether the University of Illinois Chief Illiniwek is an appropriate display of Native American characteristics (Sellingo. ) This debate has been going on for many years, and will probably continue to be argued. On this debate, I am on the fence. If honoring Native Americans is the intention, and it is done correctly, I see no wrong in using Native American mascots. However, any occurrences where the mascots are not acting or representing their namesakes properly should be removed. The main concern should not be the school or the consequences that could come from removing these mascots. The focus, as it should always be, must be on the ones being portrayed. The battle of whether the use of Native American mascots and symbols is right or wrong, is still ongoing. This debate will probably never cease, because there will never be one unanimously decided solution, for not everyone sees it one way or the other. Either our society is going to have to learn to respect others, or we are going to have to eliminate the possibility of unfair treatment and discrimination. Both seem to be out of our own hands, and not to be pessimistic, but quite unattainable. However, only the future holds the true answer to this ongoing debate. We can only hope for a fair solution. Works Cited â€Å"Florida State University responds to NCAA decision banning use of Native American symbols. † The Florida State University. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. . Holliday, Courtney. â€Å"Tennessee Votes to Protect American Indian Mascots . † First Amendment Center . Web. 20 Jul. 2012. . â€Å"Indian Mascots in Sports. †Ã‚  Scholastic Action  34. 5/6 (2010): 30. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. Joseph M. Stone, et al. â€Å"Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots. †Ã‚  Basic & Applied Social Psychology  30. 3 (2008): 208-218. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. Selingo, Jeffrey. â€Å"An Honored Symbol to Some, a Racist Mascot to Others. †Ã‚  Chronicle of Higher Education50. 41 (2004): A20. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012. Taylor, Kelley R. â€Å"Mascots, Team Names, and Cultural Sensitivity. †Ã‚  Education Digest  68. 2 (2002): 43. MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Jul. 2012.

Global Issues Targeting Tattoos - 757 Words

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This case study will briefly explore the importance of police professionalism and grooming standards, and how it could either affect an officer negatively or positively. We will examine the following actions of an individual patrolman, who chose to publicly display his body art while on duty and by doing so has caused discomfort and disparage among many of his colleagues. As we emphasize on the importance of police professionalism, we will also reference several court decisions regarding tattoos in places of employment to defend our arguments. Discussion The case of OfficerShow MoreRelatedObey the Laws of God, Not the Laws of Man2572 Words   |  11 PagesObey the Laws of God, Not the Laws of Man On Monday, April 11th 2011, France became the first country to put into force a law that bans Muslim women wearing the Burqa in any public setting. 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My Sister s Keeper By Jodi Picoult - 979 Words

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